IVF and Sex Selection

Key Takeaways

• Sex Selection Technology: Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) allows parents to know the sex of an embryo and then choose the desired embryo prior to uterine transfer during IVF.
• Medical and Personal Choices: Sex selection can prevent genetic diseases or be based on personal preferences.
• Ethical Considerations: In many countries, non-medical sex selection is prohibited, and U.S. medical organizations urge ethical caution.

Overview of IVF and Sex Selection

In vitro fertilization (IVF) has transformed the hopes of many families struggling with infertility. One major advancement is the ability to choose your baby's sex through IVF. This technology provides a unique option for family planning but also brings with it ethical and emotional considerations. Understanding how sex selection works and its implications can help parents make thoughtful and compassionate decisions. 

IVF and Sex Selection Legality

Choosing your baby's sex via IVF is a complex decision, and laws vary worldwide. In many countries, including much of Europe, Canada, China, and India, selecting an embryo’s sex for non-medical reasons is illegal. However, exceptions exist, such as preventing sex-linked genetic disorders. In the U.S., sex selection is legal but remains ethically debated. The American Society of Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) considers it acceptable to use PGT for preventing serious genetic diseases but advises caution for non-medical reasons due to potential societal impacts and misuse of resources.

Reasons for Choosing An Embryo’s Sex

Parents may choose an embryo's sex for various reasons, such as:

• Medical Reasons: Preventing sex-linked diseases like hemophilia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which typically affect male embryos more.
• Family Balancing: Achieving the same number of children of both sexes or a specific sex for those planning to have only one child.

Before embarking on IVF treatment, it's essential to clarify your clinic's policy regarding sex selection. Some clinics may permit sex selection for personal reasons, while others may have strict policies against it. 

How Sex Selection Works

Determining an embryo's sex involves preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), a process that offers highly accurate identification for sex along with genetic disorder screening. PGT is performed after five to six days of embryo growth, where a small sample is analyzed in a lab for various health conditions and risk factors.

Types of PGT include:

• PGT-M: Detects single-gene disorders like sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, and Tay-Sachs disease that have been already identified as abnormal in the genetic parents. It can also identify chromosomal abnormalities, which are often associated with early miscarriages.
• PGT-A: Screens for chromosomal abnormalities, helping identify risks for miscarriage or disorders like Down syndrome. It does not determine specific genetic disorders like PGT-M.
• PGT-SR: Identifies chromosomal structural abnormalities often leading to miscarriage. This was among the earliest uses of PGT.

FAQs About IVF and Sex Selection 

What happens to unused embryos?

Unused embryos can be cryopreserved for future use, donated, or discarded.

How much does sex selection cost?

Adding sex selection to an IVF cycle typically costs an additional $4,000 to $6,000. Insurance coverage varies, so check with your provider.

What sex are most IVF pregnancies?

Research shows more male embryos are implanted than female ones, with ratios estimated as high as 164 male embryos for every 100 female embryos.

Is PGT harmful to the embryo?

PGT involves taking a tiny sample from the embryo that will form the placenta, not the baby, and is generally safe.

What’s the difference between sex vs. gender?

Historically, sex selection was known as “gender selection,” but the terminology has shifted to “sex selection.” In IVF, sex selection identifies embryos as either female (46XX) or male (46XY).

The Bottom Line

Sex selection through IVF allows families to make thoughtful choices about their baby’s sex. While it offers medical and personal benefits, it also raises important ethical questions. If you're considering sex selection, consult with the compassionate experts at Fertility Associates of Memphis to fully understand your options and make informed decisions.

This article is for educational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. Always consult with a qualified fertility specialist to discuss all medical, ethical, and legal considerations before making decisions.